|
 |
| PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY |
|
| Year : 2013 | Volume
: 34
| Issue : 1 | Page : 124-128 |
|
|
In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of Cordia dichotoma (Forst f.) bark
Pankaj B Nariya1, Nayan R Bhalodia2, Vinay J Shukla3, Rabinarayan Acharya4, Mukesh B Nariya5
1 Research Scientist, Ramniklal Manikchand Dhariwal Research and Development Center, Valsad, Gujarat, India
2 Research Officer, Cadila Pharma, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
3 Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
4 Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
5 Head, Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| Date of Web Publication | 23-Jul-2013 |
Correspondence Address:
Pankaj B Nariya
1-Sidhi Park, B/h- Mehul Nagar, Jamnagar - 361 006, Gujarat
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.115451
 Abstract | | |
Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. bark, identified as botanical source of Shleshmataka in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. Present investigation was undertaken to evaluate possible antioxidant potential of methanolic and butanol extract of C. dichotoma bark. In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic and butanol extract was determined by 1,1, diphenyl-2, picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The extracts were also evaluated for their phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Phenolic content was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and was calculated as Gallic acid equivalents. Antiradical activity of methanolic extract was measured by DPPH assay and was compared to ascorbic acid and ferric reducing power of the extract was evaluated by Oyaizu method. In the present study three in vitro models were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. The first two methods were for direct measurement of radical scavenging activity and remaining one method evaluated the reducing power. The present study revealed that the C. dichotoma bark has significant radical scavenging activity. Keywords: Antioxidant, anti-radical, Cordia dichotoma, diphenyl-2, picrylhydrazyl, reducing power, Shleshmataka
How to cite this article:
Nariya PB, Bhalodia NR, Shukla VJ, Acharya R, Nariya MB. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of Cordia dichotoma (Forst f.) bark. AYU 2013;34:124-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Nariya PB, Bhalodia NR, Shukla VJ, Acharya R, Nariya MB. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of Cordia dichotoma (Forst f.) bark. AYU [serial online] 2013 [cited 2023 Mar 24];34:124-8. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2013/34/1/124/115451 |
| Introduction | |  |
Oxidative stress has been implicated as a primary factor in the progression of many degenerative diseases, such as cancer, hyperlipidemia, gastric ulcer, and diabetes. [1] Antioxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect body from damage caused by free radical-induced oxidative stress. [2] Radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed constantly in the human body and are removed by the enzymic and non-enzyme antioxidant defense systems. [3] There is an increasing interest in natural antioxidants, for example, polyphenols, present in medicinal and dietary plants, which might help prevent oxidative damage. [4] ROS including free radicals, such as superoxide anion radicals (O 2 ), hydroxyl radicals (OH - ) andnon-free radicals, such as H 2 O 2 andsinglet oxygen (O 2 ) along with various forms of active oxygen are involved in various physicochemical processes in the body and aging derivatives of oxygen, attributed as ROS, are continuously generated inside the human body. The generated ROS are detoxified by the antioxidants present in the body. However, overproduction of ROS and/or inadequate antioxidant defence can easily affect and persuade oxidative damage to various bimolecular substances, including proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, and DNA. [5] This oxidative damage is a critical etiologic factor implicated in several chronic human diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, atherosclerosis, arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases and also in the aging process. Moreover, knowledge and application of such potential antioxidant activities in reducing oxidative stresses in vivohas prompted many investigators to search for potent and cost-effective antioxidants from various plant sources. [6],[7],[8],[9] Antioxidants are micronutrients that have gained importance in recent years due to their ability to neutralize free radicals or their actions. [10] The majority of the antioxidant activity is due to the flavones, isoflavones, flavonoids, anthocyanin, Coumarines, lignans, catechins, and isocatechins. [11] These research activities have contributed to new or renewed public interests worldwide in Phytomedicines.
Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. (Boraginaceae) is tree of tropical and subtropical regions, commonly known as Lasura in Hindi and Shleshmataka in Sanskrit. It is a medium-sized tree with short crooked trunk, leaves simple, entire and slightly dentate, elliptical-lanceolate to broad ovate with round and cordite base, flower white, fruit drupe, yellowish brown, pink or nearly black when ripe with viscid sweetish transparent pulp surrounding a central stony part. [12] It grows in sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending up to about 1500 m elevation. [13] It is used as immunomodulator, antidiabetic, anthelmintic, diuretic, and hepatoprotective in folklore medicine. C.dichotoma seeds have disclosed the presence of α-Amyrin, betulin, octacosanol, lupeol-3-rhamnoside, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3-glucoside, hentricontanol, hentricontane, taxifolin-3, 5-dirhmnoside, and hesperitin-7-rhamnoside. [14] Preliminary phytochemical analysis of C. dichotoma bark indicated the presence of relatively high levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. Hence the present investigation was undertaken to determine the antioxidant potential of C. dichotoma bark.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Plant material
C. dichotoma bark was collected by scholar from its natural habitat, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, in the month of April-May 2009. The plant was authenticated in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
Preparation of plant extract
The bark was shade dried and crushed to make coarse powder. The powder (303 g) was successively extracted by Soxhlet extraction with solvents of increasing polarity beginning with 2 L petroleum ether (60°C-80°C) and then extracted with 3 L of methanol (95%v/v) by continuous extraction method for 48 h. In this methanolic extract, solvent was distilled off and the extract was concentrated and dried under reduced pressure, which yielded a brownish green mass. The extract was preserved at 2°C-4°C and Butanol (BuOH) extracts were obtained after successive partition from Methanol (MeOH) extracts. MeOH and BuOH extracts were used for this study, which were used for further isolation study. This crude extract of methanol and butanol was used for further investigation for potential of antioxidant properties.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of extract
The methanolic extract was testing to detect for the presence of different chemical groups of compounds as per the methods described inAyurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Preliminary phytochemical screening shows the presence of relatively high levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids.
Chemicals and instruments
Chemicals
The chemicals 2,-2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, Lancaster-, UK) andgallic acid (Loba,-India) were purchased from Krishna Scientific Traders, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium ferricyanide, trichloroaceticacid, ferric chloride, and all other reagents of analytical grade were obtained from the Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of I.P.G.T and R.A., Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
Instrument
UV spectrophotometer (Model-UV-1601, Shimadzu Europa, Gmbh, Germany) Centrifuge (Model-TC-4100D, Eltek Equipment Pvt. Ltd., Vasai (E), Thane, India).
Antioxidant assay
The antioxidant activity of plant extracts were determined by different in vitro methods, such as the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, phenolics content by Folin - Ciocalteu reagent and reducing power methods using Oyaizu method. All the assays were carried out in triplicate and average values were considered.
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay
The free radical scavenging capacity of the methanolic and butanol extracts of bark was determined using DPPH method. [15] It was measured by a decrease in absorbance at 516 nm of a solution of colored DPPH in methanol brought about by the sample. [16],[17],[18] A stock solution of DPPH (1.3 mg/mL in methanol) was prepared. The concentration of methanolic and butanol extracts solution was 10 mg/10 mL. From this solution, 1mLwas taken in test tubes and diluted with the same solvent up to 10 mL. This is stock solution. From stock solution 0.10, 0.15, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.60 mL was taken in different test tubes, whose concentration was then 10, 15, 25, 50, and 60 μg/mL, respectively. Freshly prepared DPPH solution 75 μL (1.3 mg/mL) was added in each of these test tubes containing methanolic and butanol extracts and kept in dark for 30 min, the absorbance was taken at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer (Systronics UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 2201) IC 50 was calculated from % inhibition. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference standard and dissolved in distilled water to make the stock solution with the same concentration of methanolic and butanol extracts of C. dichotoma. Control sample was prepared containing the same volume without any extract and reference ascorbic acid; 95% methanol was used as blank and % scavenging of the DPPH free radical was measured using the following equation:
% inhibition = {(A control - A sample)/(A control)} ×10
A control = absorbance of DPPH alone
A sample = absorbance of DPPH along with different concentrations of extracts.
Total phenolic content
The total phenolics content of the extract was estimated according to the method described by Singleton and Rossi. [19] The concentration of methanolic and butanol extracts solution was 10 mg/10 mL. From this solution, 1mLwas taken in test tubes and by dilution with same solvent up to 10 mL. This is stock solution. From stock solution different concentrationswere taken in different test tubes. This same procedure was used for standard. Gallic acid (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai) was used as a standard; 1 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was added in this concentration and the content of the flask was mixed thoroughly and 5 min later 4 mL of 20% sodium carbonate was added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 30 min with intermittent shaking. The absorbance of the blue color that developed was read at 765 nm in UV spectrophotometer.
Reducing power
The Fe 3+ -reducing power of the extract was determined by the method of Oyaizu [20] with a slight modification. Different concentrations (10, 25, 50, 75, 100 μg/mL) of the extract were mixed with 2.5 mL phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6) and 2.5 mL potassium hexacyanoferrate (1%), followed by incubation at 50°C in a water bath for 20 min. After incubation, 2.5 mL of TCA (10%) was added to terminate the reaction and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The upper portion of the solution (2.5 mL) was mixed with 2.5 mL distilled water and 0.5 mL FeCl 3 solution (0.1%) was added and the absorbance was measured at 700 nm against an appropriate blank solution. Ascorbic acid at various concentrations (10-100 μg/mL) was used as standard. Increased absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated increased reducing power.
| Results | | |
Several concentrations ranging from 10 to 250 μg/mL of the C. dichotoma bark were tested for antioxidant activity in different in vitro models.
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activity
C. dichotoma exhibited a comparable antioxidant activity with that of standard ascorbic acid at varying concentrations tested (10, 15, 25, 50, 60 μg/mL). There was a dose-dependent increase in the percentage antioxidant activity for all concentrations tested. Ascorbic acid was used as the standard drug for the determination of the antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The concentration of ascorbic acid varied from 1 to 60 μg/mL. Ascorbic acid at a concentration of 10 μg/mL exhibited a percentage inhibition of 52.74% and for 60 μg/mL 99.86% [Table 1]. The IC50 value of ascorbic acid was less than 10 approx to be 6.1 μg/mL. IC50 value was observed 28 μg/mL for the MeOH extract and 36 for BuOH extract. From [Figure 1] and [Table 1], it is observed that both extracts show significant DPPH radical scavenging property. | Figure 1: DPPH free radical scavenging activity (% inhibition vs concentration graph for standard and test drug)
Click here to view |
 | Table 1: Percentage inhibition of standard (ascorbic acid) and test drug
Click here to view |
Total phenolic content
The total phenolics content of MeOH and BuOH extract of C. dichotoma calculated as gallic acid equivalent of phenols was detected. The total phenol content shows good linear relation in both standard and sample extract. [Figure 2] and [Table 2] show that the C. dichotoma contains a considerable amount of phenols (gallic acid equivalent). | Figure 2: Effect of MeOH and BuOH extract on OH radical scavenging activity
Click here to view |
 | Table 2: Absorbance at various concentrations (μg/mL) of standard (gallic Acid) and test drug in total phenolicscontain
Click here to view |
Reducing power
Reducing power assay method is based on the principle that substances, which have reduction potential, react with potassium ferricyanide (Fe 3+ ) to form potassium ferrocyanide (Fe 2+ ), which then reacts with ferric chloride to form ferric-ferrous complex that has an absorption maximum at 700 nm. [Figure 3] shows how the reducing power of the test extracts increases with the increase in amount of sample [Table 3]. The reducing power shows good linear relationship in both standard (R 2 = 0.950) andMeOH extract (0.975) and BuOH extract (R 2 = 0.978). | Table 3: Absorbance of various concentrations (μg/mL) of standard (ascorbic acid) and test drug in ferric reducing power
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
ROS are involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Uncontrolled oxidation is caused by free radicals. Free radicals oxidize all major classes of biomolecules. The products of these oxidation reactions diffuse from the original site of attack and spread the damage all over the body and produces serious damage to almost all the cells. Natural antioxidants that are present in herbs and spices are responsible for inhibiting or preventing the deleterious consequences of oxidative stress. Spices and herbs contain free radical scavengers, such aspolyphenols, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The effect of antioxidants on DPPH radical scavenging is thought to be due to their hydrogen donating ability. DPPH is a stable free radical and accepts an electron or hydrogen radical to become a stable diamagnetic molecule. The reduction capability of DPPH radicals was determined by the decrease in its absorbance at 517 nm induced by antioxidants. Many antioxidants that react quickly with peroxyl radicals may react slowly or may even be inert to DPPH. [21]
Phenolic compounds are known as powerful chain breaking antioxidants. Phenols are very important plant constituents because of their scavenging ability due to their hydroxyl groups. The phenolic compounds may contribute directly to antioxidant action. It is suggested that polyphenoliccompounds have inhibitory effects on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in humans, when ingested up to 1g daily from a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. [22]
Ferric reducing antioxidant power measures the ability of antioxidants to reduce ferric 2, 4, 6-triperidyl-s-triazine complex to intensively blue colored ferrous complex in acidic medium. Hence any compound which is having redox potential lower than that of redox pair Fe (III)/Fe (II) can theoretically reduce Fe (III) to Fe (II). [21]
| Conclusion | | |
C. dichotoma showed strong antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH, and reducing power activities when compared with standard l-ascorbic acid. In addition, both the extractswere found to contain a noticeable amount of total phenols, which play a major role in controlling oxidation. The results of this study show that the extract can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidant. However, the chemical constituents present in the extract such as alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, reducing sugars, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins present in the extract may be responsible for such activity. The phytoconstituents responsible for the antioxidant activity of C. dichotoma are currently unidentified. Therefore, it is suggested that activity-guided isolation study should be performed.
| Acknowledgment | | |
We are grateful to the Vice chancellor, GAU and Director, IPGT and RA, Jamnagar, for their encouragement and providing special permission to use the research facilities.
| References | | |
| 1. | Kumaran A, Joel Karunakaran R. In vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of five phyllanthusspecies from India. LWT- Food Sci Technol 2007;40:344-52. 
|
| 2. | Ozsoy N, Can A, Yanardag R, Akev N. Antioxidant activity of Smilax Excels L. Leaf Extracts. Food Chem 2008;110:571-83.
|
| 3. | Sundaram R, Mitra SK. Antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Acacia.arabica bark in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2007;39:33-8.
 |
| 4. | Rajeshwar Y, Senthil Kumar GP, Gupta M, Mazumder UK. Studies on in vitro Antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Mucunapruriens (Fabaceae) seeds. Eur Bull Drug Res 2005;13:31-9.
|
| 5. | Farber JL. Mechanisms of cell injury by activated oxygen. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102:17-24.
[PUBMED] |
| 6. | Park EJ, Pezzuto JM. Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2002;21:231-55.
[PUBMED] |
| 7. | Zi X, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. Novel cancer chemo preventive effects of a flavonoid antioxidant silymarin: Inhibition of mRNA expressionof an endogenous tumor promoter TNFα. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;239:334-9.
|
| 8. | Liu F, Ng TB. Antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities of selected medicinal herbs. Life Sci 2000;66:725-35.
[PUBMED] |
| 9. | Hu C, Kitts DD. Studies on the antioxidant activity of echinacea root extract. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:1466-72.
[PUBMED] |
| 10. | Cadenas E, Packer L, editors. Hand Book of Antioxidants. New York: Plenum; 1996. p. 127-31.
|
| 11. | Aqil F, Ahmed I, Mehmood Z. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging Properties of Twelve traditionally used Indian medicinal plants. Turk J Biol 2006;30:177-8.
|
| 12. | The Wealth of India, Raw Materials, A Dictionary of Indian Raw Material And Industrial Products. Vol. 9. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 1950. p. 293-5.
|
| 13. | Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. 11 th ed., vol. 3. Uttaranchal: Oriental Enterprises; 1935. p. 1029-30.
|
| 14. | Srivastava SK, Srivastava SD. Taxifollin 3,5-dirhamnoside from the seeds of Cordiadichotoma. Phytochemistry 1979;18:205-8.
|
| 15. | Anandjiwala S, Bagul MS, Parabia M, Rajani M. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of an Ayurvedic formulation, panchvalkala. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008;70:31-5.
[PUBMED] |
| 16. | Ravishankar MN, Srivastava N, Padh H, Rajani M. Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of root bark of Hemidesmusindicus. Phytomedicine 2002;9:153-60.
|
| 17. | Navarro CM, Montilla MP, Martin A, Jimenez J, Utrilla MP. Free radical Scavenging and antihepatotoxic activity of Rosamarinustomentosus. Planta Med 1993;59:312-4.
|
| 18. | Bagul MS, Ravishankar MN, Padh H, Rajini M. Phytochemical evaluation and free radical scavenging activity of rhizome of Bergeniaciliate (Haw) Sternb: Forma ligulata Yeo. J Nat Rem 2003;3:83-9.
|
| 19. | Singleton VL, Rossi JA Jr. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicacid − phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Viticult 1965;16:144-58.
|
| 20. | Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidant Activities of Products of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Jpn J Nutr 1986;44:307-15.
|
| 21. | Ghaisas MM, Navghare VV. In vitro antioxidant activity of Tectonagrandis Linn Pharmacologyonline 2008;3:296-305.
|
| 22. | Rajeshwar Y, Senthil Kumar GP, Gupta M, Mazumder UK. Studies on in vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Mucunapruriens (Fabaceae) seeds. Eur Bull Drug Res 2005;13:31-9.
|
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
An Insight into the antioxidant activity of the facial cream, solid soap and liquid soap made using the carotenoid extract of palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) fruit pulp |
|
| Christine Thevamirtha, Anuluxshy Balasubramaniyam, Srivijeindran Srithayalan, Paulraj Mosae Selvakumar | | Industrial Crops and Products. 2023; 195: 116413 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Biochemical and antioxidant activity of wild edible fruits of the eastern Himalaya, India |
|
| Heiplanmi Rymbai, Veerendra Kumar Verma, Hammylliende Talang, S. Ruth Assumi, M. Bilashini Devi, Vanlalruati, Rumki Heloise CH. Sangma, Kamni Paia Biam, L. Joymati Chanu, Badapmain Makdoh, A. Ratankumar Singh, Joiedevivreson Mawleiñ, Samarendra Hazarika, Vinay Kumar Mishra | | Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023; 10 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Effect of Thermal Processes on S-Allyl Cysteine Content in Black Garlic |
|
| Kanokwan Manoonphol, Uthaiwan Suttisansanee, Chadamas Promkum, Chaniphun Butryee | | Foods. 2023; 12(6): 1227 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Screening of Humic Substances Extracted from Leonardite for Free Radical Scavenging Activity Using DPPH Method |
|
| Attila Csicsor, Etelka Tombácz | | Molecules. 2022; 27(19): 6334 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Physicochemical characterization of microwave-stabilized rice bran oil from Ethiopian small-scale rice-processing plants |
|
| Lemessa Etana Bultum, Shimelis Admasu Emire, Lemma Teshome Tufa | | Frontiers in Food Science and Technology. 2022; 2 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Saudi Propolis Collected by Arabian Honey Bee (Apis mellifera jemenitica) Colonies |
|
| Wed Mohammed Ali ALaerjani, Khalid Ali Khan, Badria M. Al-Shehri, Hamed A. Ghramh, Ajaz Hussain, Mohammed Elimam Ahamed Mohammed, Muhammad Imran, Irfan Ahmad, Saboor Ahmad, Abdulrhman S. Al-Awadi | | Antioxidants. 2022; 11(7): 1413 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Comparative Chemical Analysis of Eight Punica granatum L. Peel Cultivars and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities |
|
| Valentina Parisi, Valentina Santoro, Giuliana Donadio, Maria Laura Bellone, Gianfranco Diretto, Carla Sandri, Francesca Mensitieri, Nunziatina De Tommasi, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, Alessandra Braca | | Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11): 2262 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
A Comprehensive Review on Ethnopharmacology and Phytochemistry of
an Underutilized Plant Cordia dichotoma L. |
|
| Mohammad Abdullah, Shazia Usmani, Poonam Kushwaha | | Current Nutrition & Food Science. 2022; 18(8): 728 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Estimation of Synergistic Antioxidant Effect of Methanolic Extracts of Some Medicinal Herbs |
|
| Gurleen Kaur, Srishti Gautam, Poonam Arora, Neelima Dhingra | | Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; : 1042 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Phytochemistry, and pharmacological efficacy of Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. (Lashuda): A therapeutic medicinal plant of Himachal Pradesh |
|
| Disha Raghuvanshi, Kiran Sharma, Rachna Verma, Dinesh Kumar, Harsh Kumar, Azhar Khan, Marian Valko, Suliman Y. Alomar, Saleh H. Alwasel, Eugenie Nepovimova, Kamil Kuca | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022; 153: 113400 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidants and in-silico molecular dynamic simulation of plant derived potential inhibitory activity of Thalictrum foliolosum DC. and Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. against jaundice |
|
| Disha Raghuvanshi, Sunil Kumar, Monu Kumar Shukla, Deepak Kumar, Dinesh Kumar, Rachna Verma, Eugenie Nepovimova, Marian Valko, Suliman Y. Alomar, Saleh H. Alwasel, Kamil Kuca | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022; 156: 113898 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Phytochemical analysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity of Calotropis gigantea and its therapeutic applications |
|
| Sreewardhini Sivapalan, Sankari Dharmalingam, Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan, Mangalagowri Angappan, Ashokkumar Veeramuthu | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2022; : 115963 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Synthesis, Antioxidant, and Antihypoxia Activities of 6,7,8,4'-Tetrahydroxyisoflavone and 6,7,8,3',4'-Pentahydroxyisoflavone |
|
| Hongqiang Tan, Jin Shao, Jie Zhang, Huiping Ma, Linlin Jing | | Natural Product Communications. 2022; 17(9): 1934578X22 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Supported Transition Metal Catalysts for Organic Fine Chemical Synthesis: A Review |
|
| Rajib Mistri,Bidyapati Kumar | | Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2021; 33(3): 489 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Natural Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Wild Grape
(Ampelocissus martinii Planch.) Root Extract |
|
| P. Siripipatthana,P. Srihanam,A. Sangdee | | Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2021; 33(3): 545 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Optimisation of concurrent Calophyllum oil-resin extraction and separation |
|
| Ika Amalia Kartika, Muriel Cerny, Virginie Vandenbossche, Philippe Evon, Wega Trisunaryanti, Rino Rakhmata Mukti, Hartati Hartati, Nancy Dewi Yuliana, Illah Sailah | | Research in Agricultural Engineering. 2021; 67(2): 84 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Cytotoxic activity of Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.) extracts in cervical cancer (HeLa) cells: Ascorbic acid adjuvant treatment enhances the activity |
|
| Venkatesan Ramya, Venkatachalam Madhu-Bala, Karuppiah Prakash-Shyam, Balakrishnan Gowdhami, Krishnamoorthy Sathiya-Priya, Kalimuthu Vignesh, Balasubramanian Vani, Balamuthu Kadalmani | | Phytomedicine Plus. 2021; 1(4): 100142 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Analysis of Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) Leaf Tea Formula as a Functional Drink in Preventing Coronavirus Diseases and Degenerative Diseases |
|
| Siti Ika Fitrasyah,Ariani Ariani,Nurdin Rahman,Nurulfuadi Nurulfuadi,Ummu Aiman,Devi Nadila,Fendi Pradana,Aulia Rakhman,Diah Ayu Hartini | | Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2021; 9(A): 196 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Agrochemical exposure and its adverse effects on pregnancy with the importance of preconceptional detoxification and management through ayurveda |
|
| Preeti Chouhan, AyushKumar Garg | | Journal of Ayurveda. 2021; 15(4): 303 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Chemical characterization of polysaccharides from Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. infusion and its hepatoprotective effects |
|
| Pedro Felipe Pereira Chaves,Eliana Rezende Adami,Alexandra Acco,Marcello Iacomini,Lucimara Mach Côrtes Cordeiro | | Food Research International. 2020; 136: 109510 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Neuroprotective Effect of Brazilin on Amyloid ß (25–35)-Induced Pathology in a Human Neuroblastoma Model |
|
| Gabriela Henri´quez,Lois Mendez,Armando Varela-Ramirez,Erick Guerrero,Mahesh Narayan | | ACS Omega. 2020; 5(23): 13785 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extract from Surian (Toona sinensis) leaves |
|
| T I Maulana,S Falah,D Andrianto | | IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 299: 012021 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Airway smooth muscle relaxant activity of Cordia dodecandra A. DC. mainly by cAMP increase and calcium channel blockade |
|
| Amanda Sánchez-Recillas,Laura Rivero-Medina,Rolffy Ortiz-Andrade,Jesus Alfredo Araujo-León,J. Salvador Flores-Guido | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2019; 229: 280 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Antioxidant Effect of the Castanea sativa Mill. Leaf Extract on Oxidative Stress Induced upon Human Spermatozoa |
|
| Marco Biagi,Daria Noto,Maddalena Corsini,Giulia Baini,Daniela Cerretani,Giorgio Cappellucci,Elena Moretti | | Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2019; 2019: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Biotechnology and Biochemical Analysis Techniques to isolate Vanillin derivatives for Plum F ruit Tree (I) |
|
| A. J. Mahrath,E. I. Yousif,T. H. Al-Mgheer | | Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2018; 1032: 012073 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the medicinal species of the genus Cordia
(Boraginaceae) |
|
| Manisha J. Oza,Yogesh A. Kulkarni | | Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Evaluation of anticancer activity of Cordia dichotoma leaves against a human prostate carcinoma cell line, PC3 |
|
| Md. Azizur Rahman,Md. Azizur Sahabjada,Juber Akhtar | | Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Antifertility potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Cordia dichotoma G Forst. leaves: A folklore medicine used by Meena community in Rajasthan state in India |
|
| Pallavi Sharma,Pallavi Manjusha,Sudesh Rani,Hitesh Malhotra,Hitesh Nitesh,Sandeep Deswal,Surender Singh | | Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction. 2015; 4(2): 100 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
