|
 |
| PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY |
|
| Year : 2014 | Volume
: 35
| Issue : 3 | Page : 330-332 |
|
|
Antibacterial activity of Withania somnifera against Gram-positive isolates from pus samples
Punum Bisht1, Vinita Rawat2
1 Division of Foot and Mouth Diseases, Indian Veterinary Research Institue, Mukteswar, India
2 Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani (Nainital), Uttarakhand, India
| Date of Web Publication | 20-Mar-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Vinita Rawat
Asso. Prof., Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Rampur Road, Haldwani (Nainital) - 263 129, Uttarakhand
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.153757
 Abstract | | |
Background: Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine since ancient times. In the view of its varied therapeutic potential, it has also been the subject of considerable modern scientific attention. Attention has been drawn to antibacterial activity of the plant and its metabolites due to the challenge on growing antibacterial resistant pathogens. Aim: To examine the antimicrobial potential of leaf extract of W. somnifera against Gram-positive cocci. Materials and Methods: In this study, leaf extract of W. somnifera was used to examine their antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive cocci (n = 20) from pus samples of patients admitted in Government Medical College, Haldwani. Agar well diffusion method was used by taking methanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera. Results: It was observed that the methanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera was very effective in inhibiting the test pathogens including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., with an average zone of inhibition of 20.6 mm and 19.4 mm at 2 mg/ml (100 μl) concentration, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that the antimicrobial property of W. somnifera leaf supports the traditional use of the plant in therapeutic use against microbial infections. Keywords: Enterococcus , methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Withania somnifera
How to cite this article:
Bisht P, Rawat V. Antibacterial activity of Withania somnifera against Gram-positive isolates from pus samples
. AYU 2014;35:330-2 |
| Introduction | |  |
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are associated with increase rates of illness and death. Both these organisms are now endemic in many health care institutions. [1] These pathogens are now increasingly exhibiting resistance to the commonly used antibiotics due to widespread and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. [2],[3] MRSA is resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics. Vancomycin had long been considered for the treatment and cure of MRSA infections. However, now vancomycin-resistant strains have been also reported. [3] To substitute synthetic antibiotics, many of the modern and effective drugs have their origin in traditional folk medicine. Therapeutic efficacy of many indigenous plants for several disorders has been described by practitioners of traditional medicine. [4]
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal also known as "Aswagandha0" belongs to the family Solanaceae and is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. It is an ingredient in many formulations prescribed for a variety of musculoskeletal conditions (e.g. arthritis, rheumatism), and as a general tonic to increase energy, improve overall health and longevity, and prevent disease in athletes, and elderly. [5],[6],[7] Recently, the antimicrobial activity of W. somnifera was studied by several authors on control strains (microbial type culture collection). [5],[7],[8],[9] However, there is no report of antibacterial activity of leaf extract of W. somnifera on human pathogenic Gram-positive bacterial strains from soft tissue infection. Hence, this study was planned to examine the antimicrobial potential of leaf extract of W. somnifera against Gram-positive cocci (n = 20) from pus samples of patients suffering from soft tissue infection.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Plant description
Withania somnifera is an erect, herbaceous, and evergreen tomentose shrub. The leaf base is cuneate and is densely hairy beneath. The flowers are yellow and berries orange-red.
Plant collection
The leaves of W. somnifera were collected from the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Pantnagar (Uttarakhand).
Preparation of extract
Extraction procedure was followed as Owais et al. [8] with slight modification at the research and development laboratory in CIMAP, Pantnagar. Fresh leaves were washed thoroughly 2-3 times with running water followed by sterile distilled water. Washed leaves were air dried under the shade at room temperature and then pulverized by mortar pestle. Shade dried leaf powder was shaken overnight in methanol and then extracted successively in Soxhlet apparatus. Extract was filtered by Whatman number one filter paper and filtered solution was evaporated under reduced pressure with the help of rotary evaporator. The dried leaf extract was dissolved in methanol to final concentration of 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml.
Microorganisms
Gram-positive cocci obtained from clinical samples of pus from patients admitted to Government Medical College, Haldwani were used to find out the antimicrobial potential of leaf extract of W. somnifera. A total of 20 isolates including S. aureus (MRSA and methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus [MSSA]), Enterococcus and Streptococcus spp. were examined against methanolic extract of leaf of W. somnifera.
Sensitivity testing
The antibacterial susceptibility test was carried out using the agar diffusion method. [10] Muller Hinton agar (MHA) was used for antibacterial susceptibility testing. For diffusion method, Petri plates were prepared by pouring 20 ml of MHA. Stock bacterial solution was thawed and immediately suspended in peptone water and incubated for 2-3 h at 37°C. After matching the turbidity with 0.5 Mc Farland, the inoculum of each isolate was spread on two MHA plates and was allowed to dry for 10 min. Four wells of 9 mm diameter each were punched in each plate using a sterile borer. Plant extract with concentration of 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml with different volumes of 20 μl, 50 μl, and 100 μl were poured in each of the 3 wells of MHA plates containing bacterial inoculum. Fourth (control well) was filled with 50 μl methanol. The plates were kept for 1 h at room temperature to allow the diffusion into the medium and then incubated aerobically at 37°C for 18 h. The inhibition zones formed around the wells were measured in millimeters [Figure 1]. For each concentration, the zones of inhibition produced by different strains of a species were averaged. | Figure 1: Zone of inhibition (in mm) by Withania somnifera leaf extract in concentration of 1 mg/ml by using different volumes of 20 ìl, 50 ìl, and 100 ìl and 2 mg/ml by using different volumes of 20 ìl, 50 ìl, and 100 ìl on pathogenic isolates of -Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. C-negative control (containing 100 ìl methanol)
Click here to view |
| Results | | |
Methanolic extract of W. somnifera showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive clinical isolates that have been reported to be more resistant against routinely used first line of antibiotics such as ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, and erythromycin. At the concentration of 2 mg/ml (100 μl) average zone size of inhibition for MRSA and Enterococcus spp. was 20.6 and 19.8 mm, respectively. Whereas, for MSSA and Streptococcus spp. average zone of inhibition were 22.4 and 22.2 mm, respectively. At the concentration of 1 mg/ml (100 μl) average zone size of inhibition for MRSA and Enterococcus spp. was 19.2 and 19 mm, respectively. Whereas, for MSSA and Streptococcus spp. zone of inhibition were 20.8 and 21.2 mm, respectively. Overall increase of zone of inhibition was noticed with a higher concentration of leaf extract [Table 1] and [Figure 1]. | Table 1: Zone of inhibition (in mm) for different concentration of W. somnifera leaf extract
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
W . somnifera leaf extract showed good inhibition of MRSA and Enterococcus spp. which were resistant against routinely used first line antibiotics. As in the previous study, [9] methanolic root extracts of W. somnifera revealed 4 mm inhibitory zone against Escherichia More Details coli and 10 mm inhibitory zone at 10 μg/ml against Enterococcus, which is very less than that observed in our study. This difference may be due to a different part of the plant extract being used. Owais et al., [8] observed 22 mm zone of inhibition against S. aureus at a concentration of 20 mg/ml of W. somnifera leaf extract. In another study, [5] 15 mm zone of inhibition at a concentration of 100 μg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli by W. somnifera leaf extract was reported. In present study good inhibitory zone against Enterococcus spp., and S. aureus at the concentration of 2 mg/ml was observed. Difference in the zone of inhibition might be attributed to the difference in bacterial strains used, methodology employed, and different geographical area from where the plant was obtained.
Reference standard institutes like Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute or European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility have guidelines for interpretation of disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration for antibiotics, but there is no such standard zone chart or guideline available for W. somnifera extract. In the present study, convincing zone of inhibition was found by W. somnifera leaf extract in pathogenic Gram-positive cocci isolates which were resistant to routinely used first line antibiotics (with no zone of inhibition). However, sample size of the present study was low; hence, this requires a much more exhaustive in vitro and in vivo study involving identification and isolation of specific W. somnifera compounds acting against a resistant strain.
| Conclusion | | |
This finding supports the use of leaf extract of W. somnifera in the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens by alternative systems of medicine. Clinical trials with Withania somnifera for its activity against bacterial infections should be conducted.
| Acknowledgments | | |
The authors are gratefully acknowledged to CIMAP, Pantnagar for providing us W. somnifera plant and to Prof. Y. P. S. Pangtey, Taxonomist, Kumaun University for authenticating the plant material.
| References | | |
| 1. | Furuno JP, Perencevich EN, Johnson JA, Wright MO, McGregor JC, Morris JG Jr, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci co-colonization. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:1539-44.  |
| 2. | Rawat V, Singhai M, Kumar A, Jha PK, Goyal R. Bacteriological and resistance profile in isolates from diabetic patients. N Am J Med Sci 2012;4:563-8. |
| 3. | Mascini EM, Bonten MJ. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Consequences for therapy and infection control. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11 Suppl 4:43-56. |
| 4. | Natarajan V, Venugopal PV, Menon T. Effect of Azadirachta indica (neem) on the growth pattern of dermatophytes. Indian J Med Microbiol 2003;21:98-101. [ PUBMED]  |
| 5. | Mahesh B, Satish S. Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plant against plant and human pathogens. World J Agric Sci 2008;4:839-43. |
| 6. | Mehrotra V, Mehrotra S, Kirar V, Shyam R, Misra K, Srivastaava AK, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of aqueous extract of Withania somnifera against methicillin resistance Staphylcoccus aureus. J Microbiol Biotechnol Res 2011;1:40-5. |
| 7. | Arora S, Dhillon S, Rani G, Nagpal A. The in vitro antibacterial/synergistic activities of Withania somnifera extracts. Fitoterapia 2004;75:385-8. |
| 8. | Owais M, Sharad KS, Shehbaz A, Saleemuddin M. Antibacterial efficacy of Withania somnifera ( Ashwagandha) an indigenous medicinal plant against experimental murine salmonellosis. Phytomedicine 2005;12:229-35. |
| 9. | Mathur V, Vats S, Jain M, Bhojak J, Kamal R. Antimicrobial activity of bioactive metabolites isolated from selected medicinal plants. Asian J Exp Sci 2007;21:267-72. |
| 10. | Janssen AM, Scheffer JJ, Baerheim Svendsen A. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils: A 1976-1986 literature review. Aspects of the test methods. Planta Med 1987;53:395-8. |
[Figure 1]
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
High performance thin layer chromatography based chemo profiling of Ashvagandharishta and its antidepressant activity |
|
| Ketan Yadav, Tinku Gupta, Vidhu Aeri | | Journal of Chromatography B. 2022; 1204: 123334 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Biofunctionalized cuprous oxide nanoparticles synthesized using root extract of Withania somnifera for antibacterial activity |
|
| Manmata Dhara, Kanika Kisku, Umesh Chandra Naik | | Applied Nanoscience. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Structural Characterization of Withanolide Glycosides from the Roots of Withania somnifera and Their Potential Biological Activities |
|
| Ji Won Ha, Jae Sik Yu, Bum Soo Lee, Dong-Min Kang, Mi-Jeong Ahn, Jung Kyu Kim, Ki Hyun Kim | | Plants. 2022; 11(6): 767 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Ethnobotanical importance, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of Withania somnifera |
|
| Nurul Bariah Jamalludin, Nurhuda Manshoor | | Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2022; 11(3): 320 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Antimicrobial Activity of Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Withania somnifera Prepared by Ultrasound Against Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry Stool |
|
| Sima Saravani,Mehrangiz Ghaffari,Moharam Valizadeh,Farzin Ali-Malayeri,Asey Biangar | | Gene, Cell and Tissue. 2021; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Tailoring Scaffolds for Orthopedic Application With Anti-Microbial Properties: Current Scenario and Future Prospects |
|
| A. Preethi,Jayesh R. Bellare | | Frontiers in Materials. 2021; 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Opportunity for Clinical Repurposing in COVID-19 Management |
|
| Akash Saggam,Kirti Limgaokar,Swapnil Borse,Preeti Chavan-Gautam,Santosh Dixit,Girish Tillu,Bhushan Patwardhan | | Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Ethiopian Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review |
|
| Dereje Nigussie,Gail Davey,Takele Beyene Tufa,Malcolm Brewster,Belete Adefris Legesse,Abebaw Fekadu,Eyasu Makonnen | | Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects |
|
| Subhabrata Paul,Shreya Chakraborty,Uttpal Anand,Swarnali Dey,Samapika Nandy,Mimosa Ghorai,Suchismita Chatterjee Saha,Manoj Tukaram Patil,Ramesh Kandimalla,Jaroslaw Procków,Abhijit Dey | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021; 143: 112175 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Critical review of the Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: ethnobotany, pharmacological efficacy, and commercialization significance in Africa |
|
| Henok Kessete Afewerky, Ayeni Emmanuel Ayodeji, Bashir Bolaji Tiamiyu, Joshua Iseoluwa Orege, Emmanuel Sunday Okeke, Aanuoluwapo Opeyemi Oyejobi, Petuel Ndip Ndip Bate, Sherif Babatunde Adeyemi | | Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 2021; 45(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Review on anticancerous therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal |
|
| Neetu Singh,S.S. Yadav,Amrender Singh Rao,Abhishek Nandal,Sanjiv Kumar,S.A. Ganaie,B. Narasihman | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021; 270: 113704 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Molecular dynamics simulation of bioactive compounds of Withania somnifera leaf extract as DNA gyrase inhibitor |
|
| Sartaz Begum,Daniel M. Shadrack,Ferister M. Joseph,Valence M. K. Ndensendo | | Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects |
|
| Deepa S. Mandlik (Ingawale),Ajay G. Namdeo | | Journal of Dietary Supplements. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
A Current Perspective of Plants as an Antibacterial Agent: A Review |
|
| Saksham Garg,Arpita Roy | | Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2020; 21(15): 1588 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Synthesis, In-Vitro and In-Silico Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles with Root Extract of Withania somnifera for Antibacterial Activity via Binding of Penicillin-Binding Protein-4 |
|
| Isha Gaurav,Tanuja Singh,Abhimanyu Thakur,Gaurav Kumar,Parth Rathee,Puja Kumari,Kumari Sweta | | Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2020; 21(15): 1674 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
A review on medicinal plant extracts and their active ingredients against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus |
|
| Marzieh Askarinia,Ali Ganji,Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh,Sajad Hasanzadeh,Bahram Mohammadi,Farideh Ghalamfarsa,Ghasem Ghalamfarsa,Hassan Mahmoudi | | Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2019; 8(3): 173 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Natural product HTP screening for antibacterial (E.coli 0157:H7) and anti-inflammatory agents in (LPS from E. coli O111:B4) activated macrophages and microglial cells; focus on sepsis |
|
| Elizabeth A. Mazzio,Nan Li,David Bauer,Patricia Mendonca,Equar Taka,Mohammed Darb,Leeshawn Thomas,Henry Williams,Karam F. A. Soliman | | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016; 16(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng |
|
| Nawab John Dar,Abid Hamid,Muzamil Ahmad | | Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2015; 72(23): 4445 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
