|
 |
| CLINICAL RESEARCH |
|
| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 36
| Issue : 1 | Page : 34-40 |
|
|
A pilot study on Ayurvedic management of oral submucous fibrosis
Kundan R Patel1, Manjusha Rajagopala1, Dharmendrasinh B Vaghela1, Ashok Shah2
1 Department of Shalakya Tantra, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
2 Amardeep ENT Hospital, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| Date of Web Publication | 4-Nov-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Manjusha Rajagopala
Head, Department of Shalakya Tantra, I.P.G.T and R.A, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat - 361 008
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.169018
 Abstract | | |
Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating disease and a well-recognized potentially premalignant condition of the oral cavity. Various medical and surgical treatment modalities have been used in modern science, but results are not satisfactory owing to recurrence, adverse effects, and sometimes worsening the condition. On analyzing the disease condition with Ayurvedic approach, it seems to be nearer to Vata-Pitta dominant chronic Sarvasara Mukharoga and needs to be treated at local as well as systemic level. Aim: To evaluate the effect of proposed Ayurvedic treatment protocol in the patients of OSMF. Materials and Methods: It was an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial with black box design comprising of holistic Ayurvedic approach in which 22 patients of OSMF completed the treatment. In all of them after Koshthashuddhi (mild purgation) and Shodhana Nasya (errhine therapy); Pratisarana (external application) with Madhupippalyadi Yoga, Kavala (gargling) with Ksheerabala Taila and internally Rasayana Yoga were given for 2 months and followed for 1 month. Results: It revealed statistically highly significant relief in almost all signs and symptoms as well in inter incisal distance improvement. Furthermore, sustained relief was found in follow-up. Conclusion: Ayurvedic treatment protocol is effective in the management of OSMF. Keywords: Kavala, Mukharoga, oral submucous fibrosis, Pratisarana, premalignant condition, Rasayana Yoga
How to cite this article:
Patel KR, Rajagopala M, Vaghela DB, Shah A. A pilot study on Ayurvedic management of oral submucous fibrosis. AYU 2015;36:34-40 |
| Introduction | |  |
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating disease of the oral cavity characterized by inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the lamina propria and submucosa, that results in marked rigidity and eventually inability to open the mouth.[1],[2] It manifests as blanching and stiffness of the oral mucosa, trismus, burning sensation in the mouth, intolerance to eating hot and spicy foods, repeated vesicular eruption and ulceration of the buccal mucosa, palate and pillars, loss of gustatory sensation, etc.[3] Habit of betel nut and tobacco chewing, excessive consumption of chilies and spices, genetic susceptibility, immune mediated process, smoking, drinking alcohol coupled with dietary deficiencies are thought to be the causative factors of the OSMF,[4] but there is compelling evidence to implicate the habitual chewing of areca nut with the development of OSMF.[3],[5] Probably involved pathogenesis is stimulation of fibroblast production, increased collagen synthesis due to areca nut alkaloids mainly arecoline along with stabilization of collagen structure by catechin and tannin contents of areca nut.[4],[5]
Worldwide estimate of OSMF indicates that 2.5 million people are affected with most cases connected on the Indian subcontinents, especially southeast India.[1],[3] An epidemiological assessment of the prevalence of OSMF among Indian villagers based on baseline data, recorded a prevalence of 0.2% (n = 10071) in Gujarat and 0.4% (n = 10287) in Kerala.[5] The alarming fact is that there has been a drastic increase in the incidence of OSMF in the younger age group in India as Pan-Masala and Gutka are easily available in most part of the country even to young children.
OSMF has a high morbidity rate because it causes progressive inability to open the mouth resulting in eating difficulty and consequent nutritional deficiencies. It also has a significant mortality rate. On the basis of cancer registry data, it is estimated that annually 75,000–80,000 new oral cancer develop in India, the majority of oral cancers are unequivocally associated with tobacco-areca nut chewing habits, and usually preceded by premalignant lesions, most often a persistent leukoplakia or OSMF.[6]
The management of OSMF comprises of nutritional support and anti-oxidants; physiotherapy; immunomodulatory drugs such as steroids; intra-lesional injections of steroids, hyaluronidase, human placental extracts, etc., either singly or in combination for early/milder form of disease and surgical measures for advanced cases.[3] Unfortunately, all these medical and surgical interventions have very limited success, as they are not free of adverse effects and recurrence are also there.[5]
As the disease OSMF cannot exactly be equated with any Mukharogas in Ayurvedic classics, it can be considered as Anukta Vyadhi (unexplained disease) and can be managed according to methodology given by Acharya Charaka.[7] On looking into the Ayurvedic classics, some scattered description of symptoms related to OSMF such as Krichchhen Vivrinoti Mukham[8] (difficulty in opening the mouth), Mukhadaha,[9],[10]Usha[9] (burning sensation in mouth), Tikshna Asaha[11] (intolerance to spicy food), Mukhasosha[12] (dryness of mouth), Arasagyata, Alparasagyata,[13]Virasagyata[14] (defective gustatory sensation), Mukhantargata Vrana[15],[16] (ulceration of the oral mucosa) and Vranavastu,[17]Durudha Vrana[18] (fibrosis) can be found. Thus analyzing the disease condition, OSMF can be considered as Vata Pitta dominant Tridoshaja chronic Sarvasara Mukharoga (disease affecting the whole oral cavity) and it is obvious that it needs to be treated at local as well as systemic level.
In Jamnagar and the surrounding area of Saurashtra, it is common to found chewing habit of betel quid, other betel nut related products as well the disease OSMF and oral malignancies. Considering the social acceptance of the habit and the lack of social stigma against these habits, it is prudent to formulate a proper treatment plan for OSMF concurrent with propaganda against these deleterious habits. Hence, this study was planned with a holistic Ayurvedic approach to deal this crippling disease which is the need of time.
| Materials and Methods | | |
In this open-label, nonrandomized, clinical trial; 24 patients were registered from the outpatient department of Shalakya Tantra. The study was started after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (No. PGT/7-A/Ethics/2011–12/2087) and registered in CTRI (Ref no./2013/12/006147). A consent letter based on subject's willingness and interest to participate in the study was obtained. The study was designed on black box method comprising of multi-therapy approach in a single group.
Inclusion criteria
- Age group between 16 and 60 years
- The patients having clinical signs and symptoms of OSMF.
Exclusion criteria
- Extensive fibrosis with severe trismus with an inter incisal distance (IID) <15 mm
- Disease is most advanced with premalignant and malignant changes
- Generalized fibromatosis
- Oral manifestation of scleroderma
- Oral lichen planus
- Pale oral mucosa of anemia mimicking blanching
- Chronic debilitating conditions such as DM, HT, HIV, etc.
- Patients not willing to give up addiction habits of Gutka, Pan-Masala, tobacco, etc.
Investigations
Routine hematological, routine biochemical-RBS, serum lipid profile, serum creatinine, and routine urine examination before treatment were carried to rule out any other disorder.
Treatment protocol and posology
For the initial 3 days Erandabhrishta Haritaki[19] powder 5–10 g was administered with luke warm water at bed time for Koshthashuddhi (mild purgation), followed by Shadabindu Taila Nasya (errhine therapy)[20] 4–8 drops in each nostril for 5 days. After that Pratisarana (external application), Kavala (gargling) and Rasayana Yoga were administered twice a day simultaneously for 60 days.
Madhupippalyadi Pratisarana
Pippalyadi Choorna [Table 1] 3–6 g was mixed with equal quantity of honey to make the paste, which was taken on the index finger and applied all over the oral mucosa and gentle massage was advised for about 10 min. Then, the patient was allowed to spit out the drug and the secretions.
Ksheerabala Taila Kavala
Supraclavicular massage with lukewarm Tila Taila (sesame oil) followed by fomentation was done. Then, luke warm Ksheerabala Taila[21] [Table 2] 10–15 ml was advised to fill in the mouth and move it between cheek and throat. It was continued for a period until the patient developed Kaphapurnasyata (mouth fill with secretions), Ghranasrava and Akshisrava (watery discharge from nose and eyes). Then, the patient was allowed to spit out the oil and secretions. Again mild fomentation and massage were done on the supraclavicular region.
Rasayana Yoga
Rasayana Yoga [Table 3] was administered in a dose of 6 g orally, with honey and ghee in unequal quantity and empty stomach twice a day.
After completing the treatment, follow-up was carried out for 1 month.
All the test drugs were prepared and procured from Pharmacy, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar.
Criteria for assessment
Subjective parameters
All the signs and symptoms were given scoring depending on their severity.
Objective parameter
IID scoring was adopted to assess improvement in the opening of the mouth. IID was measured by taking the distance between mesial angles of the upper and lower central incisor with Vernier Caliper. Clinical stages and grading of the disease were adopted from previous studies.[22],[23]
Overall assessment
The overall improvement was assessed on the basis of subjective and objective parameters.
- Cured: 100% relief in signs and symptoms
- Marked improvement: 76-99% improvement in signs and symptoms
- Moderate improvement: 51-75% improvement in signs and symptoms
- Mild improvement: 26-50% improvement in signs and symptoms
- Unchanged: 0–25% improvement in signs and symptoms.
Statistical analysis
The values of data were expressed as a percentage of relief and mean-standard error of the mean. The data were analyzed by Student's t-test for comparing before and after treatment obtained scores. The level of significance are expressed as P > 0.05 as insignificant, P < 0.05 and 0.01 as significant, P < 0.001 as highly significant.
| Observations | | |
In the present study, 22 out of 24 patients were completed the therapy. Age- and sex-wise distribution of registered patients showed that, 50% patients were in age group of 16–30 years followed by 41.67% in age group of 31–45 years and 79.17% patients were male. The socioeconomic status based distribution showed that 54.17% patients belonged to lower middle class and 37.5% from poor class. Personal history showed that 45.83% patients had Vishamagni (irregular appetite) and 41.67% had Mandagni (low appetite) while 45.83% patients had constipation. Maximum 62.5% patients were of Vata Pitta Prakriti while 50% patients were of Avara Satva. 58.33% of the patients were consuming excessive chillies and spices previously, and 37.5% patients were taking Alpa and Ruksha diet (less in quantity and nutrition). Observation on addiction revealed that 83.33% of the patients had chewing habit of Gutka/Mawa (containing chiefly areca nut, lime, catechu, and tobacco) followed by 8.33% had chewing habit of Pan Masala (containing chiefly areca nut, lime, and catechu). 4.17% of the patients were addicted to only areca nut chewing as well 4.17% were addicted to Bajara (burnt fine powder of tobacco) application in the mouth. Frequency- and quantity-wise distribution showed that 41.67% patients were taking 1–5 packets of Gutka, etc., products per day followed by 37.5% were taking more than 10 packets. 41.67% patients had chewing habit since more than 10 years, followed by 33.33% since 6–10 years and 20.83% patients since 2–5 years.
Symptoms wise distribution showed 100% patients had a complaint of inability to open the mouth, burning sensation in mouth and intolerance to spicy food. Dryness of mouth was present in 83.33% patients, decreased taste in 62.5% patients and pain while opening the mouth in 54.17% patients. Chronicity-wise observation revealed chronicity of OSMF up to 1 year in 33.33%, between 2 and 5 years in 33.33% and more than 5 years in 33.33% patients.
On examination blanching of the mucosa, ulceration of the mucosa, leathery hard consistency of the mucosa and fibrous bands were recorded in 100% of the patients. In 45.83% patients 1–2 solitary fibrous bands followed by fibrous bands nearly in the entire surface in 29.27% patients while multiple adherent fibrous bands giving rigidity to the mucosa was observed in 25% patients. IID was 15–16 mm in 45.83%, 25–28 mm in 25%, 17–20 mm in 12.5%, 21–24 mm in 12.5% and 29–32 mm in only 4.17% patients.
In 100% patients, there was stage 2 OSMF. In maximum 83.33% patients, there was grade 3 OSMF and grade 2 OSMF in 16.67%.
| Results | | |
Effect of therapies on signs and symptoms
Statistically highly significant (P < 0.001) results were found in symptoms such as burning sensation of mouth, intolerance to spicy food, dryness of mouth, pain while opening the mouth and clinically marked improvement was observed in decreased taste [Table 4]. Furthermore, statistically highly significant improvement (P < 0.001) was obtained in blanching of the mucosa, ulceration of the mucosa, and leathery consistency of the mucosa, but the result was insignificant in palpable fibrous bands (P > 0.05) [Table 5]. In objective parameter IID statistically highly significant improvement was obtained (P < 0.001) [Figure 1],[Figure 2] and [Table 6].
Total effect of therapy
Out of 22 patients none of the patients was cured, 9.09% showed marked improvement; maximum 72.73% showed moderate improvement and 18.18% of the patients had mild improvement.
| Discussion | | |
Formerly OSMF was thought to be a disease of the elderly women; but at present, there is a paradigm shift in the scenario; -more and more younger males of the third and even the second decade are being affected which is noted after Gutka, Pan-Masala came into the market.[3] The reason for OSMF cases coming from low socioeconomic group might be poor quality of food, low vitamins and minerals particularly iron deficiency and use of more spices and chillies to make the food tasty, coupled with lack of health consciousness.[24]
Maximum patients had impaired digestion hampering subsequent stages of absorption and assimilation which further aggravates the disease condition. Vata Pitta Prakriti people were affected owing to similarities of disease initiating Doshas.
In the present study, most of the patients (95.83%) chewed areca nut in some form or other which also proves the previous researches.[3],[5] The most commonly used areca nut products by the patients in this study were Gutka/Mawa containing a higher concentration of areca nut per chew and other ingredients like tobacco and lime that overall cause more harm. No definite relation of frequency and quantity is established in this study as previous researches also showed that chewing betel nuts average 5 times a day is sufficient to cause the disease.[25] The duration of chewing habit wise data supports the fact that the disease is of gradual onset over a period of at least 2–5 years.[5]
Pooga (areca nut - Areca catechu Linn.) is having Kashaya Rasa (astringent taste), Ruksha (dry), Sheeta (cold) and Vikasi (causing looseness of tissues and joints by the diminution of vital essence) properties.[26] Its excessive and constant chewing seems to be the Atiyoga (over use) of Kashaya Rasa[27] that affects locally predominantly causing Sthanadushti (local tissue harm) as well systemically to provoke the Vata Dosha which is the prime factor in the pathogenesis leading to Rukshata (dryness), Kharata (hardness), Stambha (stiffness) and Shushkata (atrophy) in Sthanastha Dhatus (fibrosis of subepithelial tissue and atrophy of epithelium of oral cavity). Tamraparna (tobacco - Nicotiana tabacum Linn)[28] and lime (alkali)[29] are having Katu (pungent), Ushna (hot), Tikshna (penetrating) and Pitta provoking properties.[29] Its excessive and constant chewing results in Agantu Vrana (local irritation and injury)[30] causing local tissue harm while its systemic absorption provoke the Pitta dosha contributing to the disease process.
Excessive consumption of chillies and spices can be taken as Atiyoga (excessive use) of Katu Rasa[27] and Tikshna, Ushna Drvayas which act locally as irritant and also provoke Pitta along with Vata aggravating the disease. Consuming Alpa (less in quantity and Ruksha (ununctuous) food is responsible for the Vata provocation and Dhatukshaya (nutritional deficiency) promoting the disease condition.
Statistically highly significant relief (P < 0.001) in overall blanching of the mucosa, leathery consistency of mucosa shows that to some extent fibrosis is reversed. Fibrous bands are resulting from very dense fibrosis in the oral mucosa and sub mucosa and statistically insignificant relief (P > 0.05) may indicate that once the dense fibrous scarring occurs it may be difficult to revert.
IID is an objective parameter used to assess mouth opening.[31] The more advanced the disease, the less will be the mouth opening. Statistically highly significant (P < 0.001) improvement in IID (39.85%) was noted. Furthermore, sustained relief was observed in the follow-up period of 1 month that is not maintained in steroids like immunosupressor drugs mostly used by the modern science. In maximum patients (45.83%) IID was between 15 16 mm and had comparatively less (27.58%) relief. As the disease progresses, fibrosis becomes more dense reducing the mouth opening which indicates the disease may become Yapya (that can be maintained as it is) at this stage or may require a long-term treatment to have better result.
Probable mode of action of Ayurvedic treatment protocol
OSMF is a chronic supraclavicular disease hence holistic management of OSMF should begin with Kosthashuddhi (mild purgation) and Shiroshuddhi (errhine therapy) and also Acharya Vagbhatta has stated purification of body and head by Kosthashuddhi and Shiroshuddhi as the first line of treatment in Mukharogas.[32]Koshthashuddhi causes Anulomana of Doshas and prepare the organ for better absorption while Shiroshuddhi removes the Srotorodha (obstructions in channels) and opens the channels for absorption in supraclavicular region which might have enhanced the effect of all the used drugs and procedures.
Pratisarana (external application) and Kavala (gargling)/Gandusha (holding oil or decoction in oral cavity) are the local therapies mostly used in Mukharogas. Here, local therapy is to prevent and reverse the fibrosis. Madhupippalyadi Yoga Pratisarana has overall Lekhana (fibrolytic), Shothahara (anti-inflammatory), Vranashodhana (wound cleaning), Vranaropana (wound healing) and Vata Pitta dominant Tridosha pacifying effect as well most of the drugs possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Fibrolytic and cancer preventive activities of Haridra have been proven and its use in OSMF is also documented in few journals and research works.[33] Furthermore, gentle massage over the oral mucosa in Pratisarana improves blood circulation resulting in better absorption of the drugs.
Ksheerabala Taila is having Snehana (unctuous), Balya (strength enhancing), Brimhana (bulk enhancing), Ropana (healing) and Vata Pitta pacifying properties and most of the drugs possess anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant and tonic properties. The common base of Tila Taila makes the whole drugs pervading to micro channels due to its Shukshma (entering in micro channels) and Vyavayi (spreading quickly) properties and it is also the best pacifying drug for the Vataja Vikara.[34] Moreover, pre- and post-procedure of supraclavicular massage and fomentation help to improve circulation to local region increasing absorption of the drugs along with it, movement of mouth in Kavala procedure is also useful as physiotherapeutic measure to relieve stiffness.
Systemic therapy of the OSMF is to bring homeostasis and to enhance the vitality of the oral mucosa. OSMF is the chronic debilitating disease, and it is believed to be a localized collagen disorder or an autoimmune process. All these factors favor the use of Rasayana Yoga.
Most of the drugs of Rasayana Yoga are having Rasayana (rejuvenating), Balya, Deepana (carminative), Pachana (digestion), Shothahara, Vranapaha (wound healing) and Tridosha predominantly Vata Pitta pacifying properties. Furthermore, most of the drugs are having immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cancer preventive properties that may have improved the status of Dhatus (tissues).[35] By virtue of Yogavahi (has special affinity to carry and potentiate the action of main drug), Sukshma and Sanskaranuvarti (affinity to carry the properties of main drug along with own) properties, Madhu and Ghrita serve as a best vehicle for the drugs.
Thus, complete treatment protocol is helpful to subside inflammation and ulceration so preventing further progress, increases suppleness of the stiffed oral tissue in terms of improving mouth movements, reverses fibrosis in some extent and improves overall immunity which in turns increases the strength of oral mucosa and submucosa to overcome the disease.
| Conclusion | | |
The present study opines that Ayurvedic treatment protocol ensures the regain of the normalcy of oral mucosa. It is effective in the management of OSMF without any adverse effect as well as having sustained relief in follow-up. It can be considered as a better alternative to the modern treatment modality in the management of OSMF.
Financial support and sponsorship
IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Cox SC, Walker DM. Oral submucous fibrosis. A review. Aust Dent J 1996;41:294-9.  |
| 2. | Aziz SR. Oral submucous fibrosis: An unusual disease. J N J Dent Assoc 1997;68:17-9. |
| 3. | Vasant VS, Rinku DK, Vruturaj VS, Millind DS. Management of oral sub-mucous fibrosis: A review. Indian J Dent Sci 2012;4:107-14. |
| 4. | Dingara PL. Common disorders of the oral cavity. In: Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat. 4 th ed. New Delhi: Reed Elsevier Private Limited; 2007. p. 205-7. |
| 5. | Rajendran R. Benign and malignant tumors of the oral cavity. In: Rajendran R, Sivapathasundharam B, editors. Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology. 6 th ed. New Delhi: Reed Elsevier Private Limited; 2009. p. 96-100. |
| 6. | Rajendran R. Benign and malignant tumors of the oral cavity. In: Rajendran R, Sivapathasundharam B, editors. Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology. 6 th ed. New Delhi: Reed Elsevier Private Limited; 2009. p. 101. |
| 7. | Acharya YT, editor. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutrasthana, Ch. 18, Ver. 46. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2011. p. 108. |
| 8. | Paradakara PH, editor. Ashtanga Hridaya of Vagabhatta, Uttaratantra, Ch. 21, Ver. 59. 6 th ed. (Reprint). Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 850. |
| 9. | Paradakara PH, editor. Ashtanga Hridaya of Vagabhatta, Uttaratantra, Ch. 21, Ver. 61. 6 th ed (Reprint). Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 850. |
| 10. | Acharya YT, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Nidanasthana, Ch. 16, Ver. 65. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 336. |
| 11. | Paradakara PH, editor. Ashtanga Hridaya of Vagabhatta, Uttaratantra, Ch. 21, Ver. 5. 6 th ed. (Reprint). Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 845. |
| 12. | Acharya YT, editor. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutrasthana, Ch. 26, Ver. 119. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2011. p. 605. |
| 13. | Acharya YT, editor. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutrasthana, Ch. 20, Ver. 11. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2011. p. 113. |
| 14. | Acharya YT, editor. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutrasthana, Ch. 20, Ver. 12. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2011. P. 114. |
| 15. | Acharya YT, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Nidanasthana, Ch. 16, Ver. 65-6. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 336. |
| 16. | Paradakara PH, editor. Ashtanga Hridaya of Vagabhatta, Uttaratantra, Ch. 21, Ver. 58-62. 6 th ed. (Reprint). Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 850. |
| 17. | Acharya YT, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Sutrasthana, Ch. 21, Ver. 40. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 107. |
| 18. | Acharya YT, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Chikitsasthana, Ch. 1, Ver. 84,90. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 404. |
| 19. | Dwivedi AR, editor. Chakradatta of Chakrapanidatta. Shleepadachikitsa Prakarana, Ver. 13. 1 st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhavana; 2010. p. 252. |
| 20. | Shastri SR, editor. Bhaishajya Ratnavali of Govindadas Sen, Ch. 65, Ver. 81-3. 20 th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; 2010. p. 1023. |
| 21. | Sharma Ramnivas, Sharma Surendra. Sahastra Yoga Hindi translation, Taila Prakarana/Ksheerabala Taila. 1 st ed. Delhi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratisthan; 2009. p. 75. |
| 22. | Pindborg JJ. Oral submucous fibrosis: A review. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1989;18:603-7. |
| 23. | Mehrotra D, Pradhan R, Gupta S. Retrospective comparison of surgical treatment modalities in 100 patients with oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:e1-10. |
| 24. | Rathod R, Rashmi GS, Chhaya R. Oral submucous fibrosis. Gujarat J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;7:1-3. |
| 25. | Paissat DK. Oral submucous fibrosis. Int J Oral Surg 1981;10:307-12. |
| 26. | Mishra SB, editor. Bhavaprakasha of Bhavamishra. Purvardha Part-1, Nighantu, Amradiphalavarga 49-51. 11 th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrita Bhavana; 2010. p. 562. |
| 27. | Acharya YT, editor. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutrasthana, Ch. 26, Ver. 43. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2011. p. 144-5. |
| 28. | Vaidya B. Nighantu Adarsha, Vol. II. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 1998. p. 146. |
| 29. | Acharya YT, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Sutrasthana, Ch. 11, Ver. 5. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 45. |
| 30. | Acharya YT, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Chikitsasthana, Ch. 1, Ver. 3. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 396. |
| 31. | Haider SM, Merchant AT, Fikree FF, Rahbar MH. Clinical and functional staging of oral submucous fibrosis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;38:12-5. |
| 32. | Paradakara PH, editor. Ashtanga Hridaya of Vagabhatta, Uttaratantra, Ch. 22, Ver. 109. 6 th ed. (Reprint). Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 858. |
| 33. | Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, Hsu MM, Ho YF, Shen TS, et al. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Res 2001;21:2895-900. |
| 34. | Paradakara PH, editor. Ashtanga Hridaya of Vagabhatta, Sutrasthana, Ch. 1, Ver. 25. 6 th ed. (Reprint). Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2010. p. 16. |
| 35. | Acharya YT, editor. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Chikitsasthana, Ch. 1, Ver. 8. 3 rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2011. p. 376. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
MANAGEMENT OF ORAL SUBMUCOSAL FIBROSIS (OSMF) WITH PANCHGAVYA SHUKTA SHODHAN GANDUSHA AS A DINACHARYA PROCEDURE |
|
| Jaiminikumar Shashank Rasane,Sudeep Menon,Ashutosh B Patankar | | International Ayurvedic Medical Journal. 2021; 09(1): 91 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Novel Treatment Approach of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in a 6-year-old Girl: A Case Report |
|
| Sujoy Ghosh, Sunita Gupta, Prerna Singh, Shikha Gupta, Chetna Chaudhary, Ridam Sharma | | International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2021; 14(4): 575 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Medicinal management of oral submucous fibrosis in the past decade- A systematic review |
|
| Chandramani B. More,Deepa Jatti Patil,Naman R. Rao | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2020; 10(4): 552 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Comparison of 50 µg Oral and Vaginal Misoprostol Tablets in Induction of Labor at Term |
|
| Nagendra Prasad, Vineeta Yadav | | The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 4(1): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
A Study of Clinical Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease with Special Reference to Echo and Electrocardiography |
|
| MV Krishna, Ashish Jindal, Saurav Das | | The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 4(1): 5 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Accidental Inferior Turbinectomy with Airway Obstruction during Nasal Intubation |
|
| Ankitha Sunand, Chikkegowda Sangeetha, Pawan ** | | The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 4(1): 14 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Ultrasound-guided Quadratus Lumborum Block as Postoperative Analgesic Technique for Radical Prostatectomy |
|
| Gayathri P Mashar, Navya Shree, Yeshaswini Katari, Seema J Mahabaleshwarappaa | | The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 4(1): 17 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Chondrosarcoma masquerading as an Abscess in the Gluteal Region |
|
| Misbah Anjum, pannaga p Kumar, S Swarna Kamala, Rizni Mansoor | | The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 4(1): 20 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Epidural Anesthesia for a Patient with Ebstein\'s Anomaly posted for Transurethral Resection of Prostate |
|
| Grama S Karthik, Madihalli JI Sowmya, S Shruthi Shree, Ramegowda Sudheer | | The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 4(1): 23 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
A Rare Case of Splenic Pseudocyst |
|
| MR Shruthi Gowthami, Dipiya Tikoo, Mahanthachar Veerabasappa | | The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 4(1): 25 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Comparison of High-flow Oxygen Therapy using Nasal Canula with Standard Oxygen Therapy using Face Mask in Patients with Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure |
|
| Suheib Muneer, Srinivasan Rangalakshmi | | The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 4(1): 28 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Ayurveda and Plant-based Interventions for Cancer Management: A Systematic Review |
|
| Amrish Dedge,Parth Dave,Thrigulla Sakethram | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(2): 74 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Botanical Nootropics in Ayurveda: Potential Leads for Pharmacological Neurocognitive Enhancement and Drug Development |
|
| Devesh Tewari,Narayanam Haripriya | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(2): 81 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
A Comprehensive Review on Sakavarga-group of Vegetables from Classical Texts of Ayurveda |
|
| Sneha D Borkar | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(2): 91 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Northeast India in Human Health: Literary Note |
|
| Rama Shankar,Ashish Kumar Tripathi,Mohan S Rawat | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(2): 104 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Tribal Health Care Research Program: An Overview of Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Contributions |
|
| Bhagwan Sahai Sharma | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(2): 118 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Methodical Documentation of Local Health Traditions and Folklore Claims: Scope, Relevance and suggested Format |
|
| | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(2): 149 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Conservation of Botanical Biodiversity of Medicinal Value: An Anthology of CCRAS Contribution |
|
| Usha Kiran,Devesh Tewari | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(4): 247 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Conservation of Manjishtha—Rubia cordifolia L. through Nodal Culture |
|
| Ritu Sinha,Gajendra Rao | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(4): 267 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of New Dosage Forms of AYUSH 82 in Streptozotocin-induced Type II Diabetic Rats |
|
| Arun Gupta,Manju Setia,Rajiv K Rai,Ankit Nigam | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(4): 274 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Evaluation of Hypolipidemic Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Leaf in Atherodiet-induced Wistar Albino Rats |
|
| Natarajan Thamizhselvam,Kandiyoor R Surabhi,Yalwar R Sanjayakumar,Kannanamkulam KG Vasanthakumar | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(4): 281 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Arjuna Flowers: Terminalia Arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn |
|
| M Prathapa Reddy,Shantha T Ramaseshan,Naveen KS Parvatamma,Vendrapati R Rao,Shiddamallayya Nagayya | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(4): 289 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Antiasthmatic Potential of Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth) |
|
| Raman Kaushik,Varanasi Subhose | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(4): 295 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Role of Ethnomedicobotanical Survey in Advancement of Ayurveda |
|
| Shiddamallayya Mathapati | | Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 2(4): 301 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Chyavanaprasha on Aging in Apparently Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Prospective, Open-label, Multicenter Study |
|
| Bhagwan Sahai Sharma,Pitta Srinivas,Sanjaykumar Giri,Sneha Marlewar | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(2): 81 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Clinical Efficacy of Ayurvedic Formulations Rajahpravartini Vati, Varunadi Kashaya and Kanchanar Guggulu in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Prospective, Open-label, Multicenter Study |
|
| Rajesh Sannd,Bharti LNU,Sushmita P Otta,S Indira Kumari,Neera Vyas | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(2): 90 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Clinical Safety of Selected Ayurvedic Formulations in Iron Deficiency Anemia |
|
| SK Sharma,Rajesh Sannd,HML Meena,Banmali Das,GC Bhuyan,Harbans Singh,Omraj Sharma,BR Meena,VB Kumavat | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(2): 99 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Clinical Safety of Selected Ayurvedic Formulations in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
| AK Jain,Rajesh Kumari,Pitta Srinivas,Bikratan Das,Sangeeta Sangvikar,Shashi Ghosh,GK Swami,FNU Saiprasad,Alok Srivastav,DS Sahu,Tapasi Borah,MM Rao,VB Kumawat,KK Singh,SK Mehar | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(2): 108 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Navayasa Churna in the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia |
|
| SK Sharma,Bhagwan Sahai Sharma,Rajesh Sannd,GC Bhuyan,Harbans Singh,Omraj Sharma,BR Meena,VB Kumavat | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(2): 117 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
CCRAS Vision Document 2030: A Short Appraisal |
|
| Narayanam Srikanth | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(2): 125 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Clinical Observation of Haridrakhanda in the Management of Sheetapitta with respect to Urticaria: A Retrospective Cohort |
|
| Om Raj Sharma,Prashant Shinde,Kavita Vyas | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(3): 131 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Clinical Safety of Selected Ayurvedic Formulations in Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
|
| Surendra Sharma,Rinku Tomar,Krishna Kumari,Om Raj Sharma,Punendu Panda,Laxman W Burke,Surendra K Sharma,Gurucharan Bhuyan,Rakesh K Rana | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(3): 136 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Clinical Safety of Selected Ayurvedic Formulations in Obesity and Dyslipidemia |
|
| Rajesh Kumari,Bhagwan Sharma,Varanasi Subhose,Rajesh Sannd,Rakesh K Rana,Puthenveettil KS Nair | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(3): 142 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Management of Premature Ejaculation (Shukragata vata) with Erandamoola basti and Vanari kalpa: A Clinical Study |
|
| Aaditya B Shah,Anup Thakar | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(3): 157 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Development of Standardized Prakriti Assessment Tool: An Overview of Ongoing CCRAS Initiatives |
|
| Bharti LNU,Neera Vyas | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(3): 165 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Health Care seeking Trends in Ayurveda Clinical Research Facilities: A Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Standpoint |
|
| Bhagwan Sharma,SK Vedi,Rakesh K Rana,Madan M Sharma | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(3): 209 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminology Portal: A Short Appraisal |
|
| Vinod K Lavaniya,T Saket Ram | | Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. 2017; 1(3): 217 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
