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| CLINICAL RESEARCH |
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| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 40
| Issue : 2 | Page : 79-88 |
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Effect of Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis)
Foram Joshi1, Vyasadeva Mahanta2, Tukaram S Dudhamal1, Sanjay Kumar Gupta1
1 Department of Shalyatantra, IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
2 Department of Shalyatantra, AIIA, New Delhi, India
| Date of Submission | 29-Jun-2016 |
| Date of Decision | 10-Oct-2017 |
| Date of Acceptance | 06-Sep-2019 |
| Date of Web Publication | 20-Mar-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Vyasadeva Mahanta
Asso. Prof., Department of Shalyatantra, AIIA, New Delhi
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_142_16
 Abstract | | |
Background: Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) are the treatment modalities mentioned in Ayurveda texts to combat the clinical condition of Sandhigata Vata (osteoarthritis) which occurs due to provoked Vata Dosha and/or Vyana Vayu overlapped with Kapha. Lumbar spondylosis is a degenerative disorder presenting with lower back pain, stiffness, numbness, difficulty in movement etc., with evidence of osteophytes and reduced disc height in plain film radiograph. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of Agnikarma and Raktamokshana in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis). Materials and Methods: After obtaining CTRI registration, total 32 cases of lumbar spondylosis were registered and allocated into two groups by simple random sampling method. 16 patients were treated with Agnikarma with Panchadhatu Shalaka (group A) and 16 patients were treated with Raktamokshana by modified Shringa Yantra (group B). Results: The result was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired t-test. Significant results were observed in relieving lower back pain, stiffness, numbness and painful movements in both the groups. Conclusion: Agnikarma was found more effective in relieving pain and numbness in lower back and Raktamokshana was found better in relieving pain and stiffness of lower back.
Keywords: Agnikarma, Kati Sandhigata Vata, lumbar spondylosis, Raktamokshana
How to cite this article:
Joshi F, Mahanta V, Dudhamal TS, Gupta SK. Effect of Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis). AYU 2019;40:79-88 |
How to cite this URL:
Joshi F, Mahanta V, Dudhamal TS, Gupta SK. Effect of Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis). AYU [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Jun 10];40:79-88. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2019/40/2/79/281063 |
| Introduction | |  |
Low back pain is a common clinical presentation of musculoskeletal disorders due to spinal pathology and lumbar spondylosis is responsible for about 10% of all back pain. It is characterized by progressive loss of function and painful lumbar joint movements.
Kati Sandhigata Vata is a clinical condition that takes place due to Dhatukshaya (degenerative pathology) and/or Margaavarana (obstructive pathology). Considering the sign and symptoms of Kati Sandhigata Vata such as Katishoola (low back pain), Katisuptata (low back numbness), Akunchana Prasarane Pravrutti Savedana (painful joint movements) and Katistambha (low back stiffness), it can be correlated with lumbar spondylosis.
Dependency on anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy and surgical management are the treatment options for the patients of lumbar spondylosis. Complications of which include nausea, vomiting, obesity, high reoccurrence rate, and osteomyelitis. Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) are non pharmacological treatment modalities for the management of Asthi Sandhigata Vata (osteoarthritis).[1],[2] Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the clinical effect of Agnikarma and Raktamokshana in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis).
Hypothesis
- Null hypothesis (H0): Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) are having equal effect in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata
- Alternative hypothesis (H1): Either of Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) has better effects in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata.
Aims and objectives
The study was aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of Agnikarma and Raktamokshana in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis).
| Material and Methods | | |
It was an open-label prospective comparative clinical study. After CTRI registration (CTRI/2015/12/006449) of the study, total 32 patients fulfilling the clinical criteria of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis) were enrolled for the study irrespective of their demographic divisions and allocated in two groups (group A and group B) by computer generated simple randomization. As per group division, group A patients to were selected for Agnikarma and group B patients to were selected for Raktamokshana.
Diagnostic criteria
Patients having the clinical picture of progressive loss of spinal function, stiffness, back pain or/and numbness with confirmative degenerative changes on X-rays of lumbar spine (anterio-posterior (AP view) and lateral view) [Figure 1] and fulfilling the Kellegrane and Lawrance Scale were enrolled for the study. Detailed physical examination was carried out to assess the decreased range of movement. Hemoglobin percentage, total leukocyte count, differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum calcium, fasting blood sugar and urine routine and microscopic examinations were carried out before and after the treatment to assess status of the patient. | Figure 1: X-rays of lumbar spine (anterio-posterior i.e. AP view and lateral view)
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Inclusion criteria
Patients suffering from Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis) from the age group of 40–70 years of either sex were selected.
Exclusion criteria
Patients suffering from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis positive or any other autoimmune diseases, pregnancy, paralysis, parkinson's disease, severe anemia, malignancy, protrusion of lumbar disc and prolapsed inter-vertebral disc were excluded from this study.
Materials for Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns)
Panchadhatu Shalaka (therapeutic heat burns tool)[3], fine powder of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.), Aloevera pulp, Mudga Yusha (green gram soup) and povidone iodine (anti-septic solution) were collected for performing Agnikarma therapy.
Materials for Raktamokshana
Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) instrument (modified Shringa Yantra), disposable sterile needle no. 24, kidney tray, honey, sesame oil were collected for Raktamokshana procedure.
Methodology
Group A: Total 16 diagnosed cases of Kati Sandhigata Vata were treated with Agnikarma. The total duration of treatment was 25 days in this group.
Pre-operative procedure
- Mudga Yusha (green gram soup) was given to patients for initial 3 days twice a day for diet. Diet other than that was avoided
- Informed written consent was taken for the procedure from each patient
- Site demarcation for Agnikarma procedure was done by local examination or by presence of osteophytes in plain film radiograph [Figure 1]
- Instruments and equipments were sterlized for Agnikarma procedure and Panchadhatu Shalaka was heated up to red hot [Figure 2], [Figure 3].
Operative procedure:
- Patient was advised to lie in prone position
- Local site was cleaned with antiseptic solution
- Agnikarma was done with the help of Panchadhatu Shalaka by keeping 0.5-1 cm distance in between each spot(15-20 spots) in demarcated site of lower back[4] [Figure 4]
- Aloevera pulp was applied on Agnikarma site just after the cauterization
- Total 15-20 such spots were made by same procedure.
Post operative procedure
- Haridra Churna dusting was done on Agnikarma site [Figure 5]
- Patients were advised to take rest and to avoid water contact on operated site
- Patients were advised for follow up on 7 days interval.
Group B: Sixteen diagnosed cases of Kati Sandhigata Vata were treated with Raktamokshana with modified Shringa Yantra. The total duration of treatment was 21 days.
Pre-operative procedure:
- Mudga Yusha was given to patients for initial 3 days twice a day for food. Food other than that was avoided
- Informed written consent was taken for the procedure from each patient
- Site demarcation for Raktamokshana procedure was done by local examination or on the basis of osteophyte in plain film radiograph
- Instruments and equipments were sterlized for Raktamokshana procedure [Figures 6].
Operative procedure:
- Patient was advised to take prone position
- Local site was cleaned with antiseptic solution. Sterile fiber cups (modified Shringa Yantra) were applied on lower back
- After proper vasodilatation, multiple pricks were made on the area by sterile needle no. 24
- Re-application of fiber cups was done and was removed after complete ceassation of oozing of blood [Figures 7].
Post-operative procedure:
- Haridra Churna dusting was done Raktamokshana site
- Same procedure was performed at the interval of 15 days
- Patients were advised to take rest and to avoid water contacts on operated site for 24 hours.
Placebo
During the course of treatment, patients were also given one placebo capsule (500mg each; made from wheat flour) twice a day after meal with lukewarm water in both the groups.
Follow-up
After completion of the treatment, patients were advised for follow up on 7 days interval for 1 month.
Criteria for assessment
Subjective criteria
1. Katishoola (pain in low back)
2. Katistambha (stiffness of lower back)
3. Katisuptata (numbness in lower back)
4. Akunchana Prasarana Pravrutti Savedana (painful joint movements).
Objective criteria
1. Range of Motion[5]
2. X-ray of the lumbar spine (Kellgren Lawrence Scale)[6]
3. Visual Analog Scale (VAS)[7]
Section 1: Pain Intensity
□ I can tolerate the pain I have without having to use pain killers. [0 points]
□ The pain is bad but I manage without taking pain killers. [1 point]
□ Pain killers give complete relief from pain. [2 points]
□ Pain killers give moderate relief from pain. [3 points]
□ Pain killers give very little relief from pain. [4 points]
□ Pain killers have no effect on the pain and I do not use them. [5 points]
Section 2: Personal Care
□ I can look after myself normally without causing extra pain. [0 points]
□ I can look after myself normally but it causes extra pain. [1 point]
□ It is painful to look after myself and I am slow and careful. [2 points]
□ I need some help but manage most of my personal care. [3 points]
□ I need help every day in most aspects of self care. [4 points]
□ I do not get dressed wash with difficulty and stay in bed. [5 points]
Section 3: Lifting
□ I can lift heavy weights without extra pain. [0 points]
□ I can lift heavy weights but it gives extra pain. [1 point]
□ Pain prevents me from lifting heavy weights off the floor but I can manage if they are conveniently positioned for example on a table. [2 points]
□ Pain prevents me from lifting heavy weights but I can manage light to medium weights if they are conveniently positioned. [3 points]
□ I can lift only very light weights. [4 points]
□ I cannot lift or carry anything at all. [5 points]
Section 4: Walking
□ Pain does not prevent me walking any distance. [0 points]
□ Pain prevents me walking more than 1 mile. [1 point]
□ Pain prevents me walking more than 0.5 miles. [2 points]
□ Pain prevents me walking more than 0.25 miles. [3 points]
□ I can only walk using a stick or crutches. [4 points]
□ I am in bed most of the time and have to crawl to the toilet. [5 points]
Section 5: Sitting
□ I can sit in any chair as long as I like. [0 points]
□ I can only sit in my favorite chair as long as I like. [1 point]
□ Pain prevents me sitting more than 1 hour. [2 points]
□ Pain prevents me from sitting more than 0.5 hours. [3 points]
□ Pain prevents me from sitting more than 10 minutes. [4 points]
□ Pain prevents me from sitting at all. [5 points]
Section 6: Standing
□ I can stand as long as I want without extra pain. [0 points]
□ I can stand as long as I want but it gives me extra pain. [1 point]
□ Pain prevents me from standing for more than 1 hour. [2 points]
□ Pain prevents me from standing for more than 30 minutes. [3 points]
□ Pain prevents me from standing for more than 10 minutes. [4 points]
□ Pain prevents me from standing at all. [5 points]
Section 7: Sleeping (Cont.)
□ Even when I take tablets I have less than 4 hours sleep. [3 points]
□ Even when I take tablets I have less than 2 hours of sleep. [4 points]
□ Pain prevents me from sleeping at all. [5 points]
Section 8: Sex Life
□ My sex life is normal and causes no extra pain. [0 points]
□ My sex life is normal but causes some extra pain. [1 point]
□ My sex life is nearly normal but is very painful. [2 points]
□ My sex life is severely restricted by pain. [3 points]
□ My sex life is nearly absent because of pain. [4 points]
□ Pain prevents any sex life at all. [5 points]
Section 9: Social Life
□ My social life is normal and gives me no extra pain. [0 points]
□ My social life is normal but increases the degree of pain. [1 point]
□ Pain has no significant effect on my social life apart from limiting energetic interests such as dancing. [2 points]
□ Pain has restricted my social life and I do not go out as often. [3 points]
□ Pain has restricted my social life to my home. [4 points]
□ I have no social life because of pain. [5 points]
Section 10: Travelling
□ I can travel anywhere without extra pain. [0 points]
□ I can travel anywhere but it gives me extra pain. [1 point]
□ Pain is bad but I manage journeys over 2 hours. [2 points]
□ Pain restricts me to journeys of less than 1 hour. [3 points]
□ Pain restricts me to short necessary journeys under 30 minutes. [4 points]
□ Pain prevents me from traveling except to the doctor or hospital. [5 points]
5. Schober's test[9]
6. Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test[10]
7. Lasegue's sign[11]
Positive Negative
| Observations and Results | | |
In this study, majority of the patients (56.25%) were reported from 40–49 years age group. Although it is a geriatric age group disease, early age incidence was noticed here due to changed life style.[12] Total 59.38% patients were female. 31.25% patients were having tobacco addiction, whereas 18.75% patients were alcohol addicted. Total 53.13% patients were having irregular sleep. Ruksha (degenerative) property of provked Vata Dosha due to irregular sleep, excessive consumption of nicotine of tobacco or alcohol contents may have contributed in Dhatukshaya (tissue degeneration).
Total 75% patients were having gradual onset of lower back pain and 90.75% patients were having seasonal change in condition of pain. All the patients (100%) revealed history of Diwaswapna (sleep during day time) [Chart 1].
Effect of Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burn) on subjective and objective criteria
It was observed that Agnikarma provided significant relief in Katishoola (pain in lower back) (P < 0.001), Katistambha (stiffness in lower back), Akunchana Prasarana Pravrutti Savedana (painful joint movements), forward flexion of lumbar joints, and extension of lumbar joint, VAS measurement for pain, straight leg raising test for both the legs, ODI Scale questionnaire and Schober's test for anterior flexion of lower back. Non significant effect (P > 0.05) was found in the lumbar joints[Table 1]. | Table 1: Effect of Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burn) on subjective and objective parameters
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Effect of Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) on subjective and objective parameters
Raktamokshana was provided high1y significant (P < 0.001) relief in Katishoola (pain in lower back), significant (P < 0.005) relief on Katistambha (stiffness in lower back), Katisuptata (numbness in lower back) and Akunchana Prasarana Pravrutti Savedana (painful joint movements). Raktamokshana was found highly significant (P < 0.001) in improving forward flexion of lumbar joint, VAS, straight leg raising, Lasegue's sign, ODI scale and Schober's test measurement. Significant effect of Raktamokshana was found in improving lumbar joint extension and non significant effect was found in the right and left lateral flexion of lumbar joint [Table 2].
Comparative effect of the therapies on subjective and objective parameters
Comparatively, Agnikarma was found having better effect than Raktamokshana in managing Katishoola (pain in lower back) (65.78%), Katisuptata (numbness in lower back) (77.78%), and Akunchana Prasarana Pravritti Savedana (painful movements) (54.54%). Agnikarma provided a better improvement in forward flexion of lumbar joint (68.96%), measurement of Schober's test (53%) and straight leg raise in both the legs (54.54%), whereas Raktamokshana provided comparatively better improvement in extension of lumbar joints (90%), VAS (50%), Lasegue's sign testing (55.55%) and ODI scale (75%). Similar improvement (50%) was found by the treatment modalities in lateral flexion of lumbar joints [chart 2] and [chart 3]. No significant effect of therapy or difference was found on X-Ray (KL scale) in either of the groups.
Overall effect of therapy
In group A, 50% patients got moderate relief and 50% patients got marked improvement of lumbar spondylosis. In group B, 25% of patients got moderate relief and 75% of patients got marked relief in signs and symptoms of lumbar spondylosis. No patient remained unchanged after treatment nor only had complete remission in the symptoms [Chart 4].
| Discussion | | |
Total 34.38% females had attained menopause. Lack of estrogen in this period plays important role in calcium-binding capacity of bones. This condition can be correlated with Dhatukshaya (tissue degeneration) and Vata Prakopa (Vata Dosha provocation) which is one of a leading factor to cause Kati Sandhigata Vata.[13] 75% patients were reported with gradual onset of disease. These data suggests gradual progress of degenerative process. Mayuri Shah et al. reported the similar findings regarding gradual onset and progress of osteoarthritis.[14] A total of 93.75% of patients had a history of aggravation of low back pain due to seasonal changes. Atmospheric dryness and low temperature play synergistic role in establishing joint stiffness. As it is obvious that cold weather supports in increasing Shita (cold), Ruksha (dry) properties in body that helps in stiffening of joints. Also due to Adana Kala (destrengthening seasonal changes) it decreases Sharirika Bala (body strength) and patients are unable to tolerate pain due to lack of tissue strength.
It was observed that low back pain was aggravated due to prolonged standing (90.63% patients), prolonged walking (in 75% patients) and excessive weight lifting (in 65.63% patients). These factors may have induced compression over inter vertebral discs and nerve roots. Excessive and improper lumbar joint movements may have lead to provocation of Vata Dosha and Dhatukshaya (tissue degeneration) ultimately.
Total 62.5% of patients were taking Katu – Amla Rasa dominant (bitter and sour taste)food Ruksha and Shita (dry and cold) dominant food in their daily diet. These dietary habits may have interrupted with the digestion process and provoked Vata Dosha. According to literature, the inefficient metabolism converts fruit acids (sour tasted) partly into energy; the rest forms lactic acid. Acids liberate histamine which in turn causes swelling and strong inflammatory reaction.[15] All selected patients gave the history of Diwaswapna (non recommended daytime sleep). Daytime sleeping increases Kapha and Meda in the body. It is one of the prime causes for weight gain and impaired digestion, which is considered as a risk factor for Kati Sandhigata Vata.
Total 78.13% patients revealed the history of Vega Sandharana (suppression of natural urges) and 50% patients were reported with the history of Shoka. Kiecolt-Glaser JK et al. concluded that pro-inflammatory cytokine production can be stimulated by stress and depression in the absence of infection or injury. This may have aggravated the pathogenesis.[16]
Among the chief complaints, Katishoola (low backache) was found in all (100%) cases. In Kati Sandhigata Vata, the provoked Vata Dosha may have disturbed the function of Katisandhi (lumbar joint) and started the process of Asthikshaya (bony degeneration). Pain may have developed due to compression or irritation of the lumbo-sacral nerves.
Katistambha was found in 62.5% of patients. Due to predominance of Shita properties of Vata and Kapha, it may have produced the stiffness and the movement of lumbar joint may have been restricted.
Katisuptata was found in 28.13% of patients, which may have occurred due to Shita and Ruksha (cold and dry) properties of Vata Dosha and may have obstructed the Vata.
Akunchana Prasarana Pravritti Savedana (painful joint movements) was found in 96.88% patients.
Classical reference for occurrence of Vatavyadhi supports for Dhatukshaya (tissue degeneration) and Margavarana Janya Samprapti (obstructive pathology) as a basic pathology. Proper functioning of lumbar joints can be possible with proper tissue nourishment and healthy tissue status. In Dhatukshaya (tissue degeneration), the tissues of lumbar joints (including Asthi-Sandhi-Mamsa-Rakta-Rasa and Twaka) degenerate. In Margavarana Janya Samprapti (pathway overlapping pathology), Kapha Avritta Vyana Vayu obstructs the normal blood circulation to lumbar joints. That may establish weaker tissues in compare to previous healthy tissues. Over functioning or improper excessive workload to lumbar joints makes it even weaker and vicious cycle starts that leads to Kati Sandhigata Vata.
Probable mode of action of Agnikarma
By applying Ushna (hot), Sukshma (penetrating), Ashukari (rapid acting) properties of Agni through Agnikarma to Asthi Sandhi (bony joints) by approaching Twaka Dhatu (skin), it produces direct impact on localized Dhatvagni (secondary level metabolism) and Bhutagni (tertiary level metabolism).
By hot nature, Agni is supposed to remove obstruction in Dosha pathways which may have occurred due to Avarana of Vikrita Kapha over Vyana Vayu and improves the circulation of Rasa and Rakta (blood circulation) to the localized pathology. By establishing proper nourishment to lumbar joints, it resumes proper lumbar joint function. In Dhatukshaya (tissue degeneration), it removes degenerated and nacrosis tissues aggregated in lumbar joints. Osteophytes of lumbar joint are psuedoprojections of bones due to irregular osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity. Agnikarma is supposed to weaken these structures (osteophytes) and provide relief in pain by reducing nerve compression. By elimination of accumulated tissue wastes, it may be removing extra calcium depositions of osteophytes, fibrous tissue in Asthi Sandhi (bony joints) through venous and lymphatic drainage. Establishment of Agni in particular Sandhi (joint) improves normal joint function and reduces further Dhatukshaya (degenerative changes). Thus it provides permanent relief from painful joints and reduces reccurrence of pain episodes.
Thus, established Prakrita Dosha (normal Dosha)in their natural Ashraya works in natural physiological way.[17]
Probable mode of action of Raktamokshana
Application of modified Shringa Yantra in Dhatukshaya Janya Samprapti (pathology of tissue degeneration) removes Vata vitiated blood from localized circulatory pathways (micro-vascular structures) and resumes adequate fresh blood flow that results in normal joint function and reduces the symptoms. By removing nutrition to osteophytes, extra bony growth, abnormal bony tissues, it recanalizes the nutritional pathway to the lumbar joints.
In Marga-Avarana Janya Samprapti (Dosha pathway overlapping pathology), Raktamokshana removes Avarana of Kapha Dosha over Vyana Vayu (overlapping of Kapha Dosha over Vyana Vayu) and establishes Prakrita Rasa-Rakta Samvahana (normal blood circulation) followed by proper nutrition to the joint.
The removed blood by modified Shringa Yantra possesses properties such as Fenila (frothy), Aruna (reddish), and Krishna (bluish black) which characteristically matches with the properties of vitiated blood mentioned by Acharya Sushruta.[18] Thus, modified Shringa Yantra can be correlated with ancient Shringa Yantra mentioned by Acharya Sushruta and characteristics of removed blood can be correlated with Vata vitiated Rakta (blood).
| Conclusion | | |
Agnikarma provided better relief in Katishoola (pain in lower back) and Katisuptata (numbness in lower back), whereas Raktamokshana provided better relief on Katistambha (stiffness in lower back).
No adverse reaction of therapy was found during and after the treatment in either of the groups. No changes were observed in plain film radiographs after the treatment. It was concluded that both the therapies have a definite role in relieving pain of lumbar spondylosis. However, Agnikarma is comparatively better management in treating Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar Spondylosis) than Raktamokshana.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Prof. P.K. Prajapati, Director, IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study was financially supported by IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
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